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Color
coupler print - This process is the same one that creates
your prints when you leave your roll of color film at the drugstore. A common
brand name for a color coupler print is Kodak C print. Its
a complicated process; the name refers to colored dyes coupled with light-sensitive
silver compounds. The colors in these prints look very natural, accounting
for their popularity. |
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Dye
bleach color print - There are three layers of gelatin on
paper used to produce a dye bleach color print. Each layer contains light-sensitive
silver halides and a colored dye. When the paper is exposed to light shown
through a color negative, three positive images of dye and silver are produced,
one on top of the other. Then the silver is bleached out, leaving only the
color images. A common brand name for this type of color print is Cibachrome.
These prints typically contain more contrast than those produced by other
methods of color printing, making them more dramatic. They are also chemically
stable and are appreciated for their durability. |
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Gelatin
silver print - A fancy name for the common black-and-white
photograph, this process has remained largely unchanged since it was introduced
in the 1880s. Paper is coated with gelatin that holds light-sensitive silver
halide particles. Light shone through a negative strikes the paper, activating
the silver particles. The paper is placed in a chemical developing solution
that allows the transformed silver particles to be seen by the human eye
as black, white, and all the gray tones in between. |
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Hand-colored
gelatin silver print - Color is added by hand to the surface
of a black-and-white photograph. Artists have used a variety of media and
techniques to hand-color photographs, including watercolor and other paints
and dyes applied with brushes, cotton swabs and airbrushes. Carl Pope hand-colored
his photographs with oil paint and brushes. |
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Large-format
view camera - A large camera typically able to accommodate
4 x 5, 5 x 7 and 8 x 10-inch sheet film. It
is called a view camera because of its ground-glass viewing screen, which
shows the photographer exactly what the film will record. The image on the
glass viewing screen is not very bright, and to see it clearly photographers
put a black focusing cloth over the back of the camera, covering their heads.
View cameras have adjustable parts, and problems of distortion or focus
can be corrected by changing the positions of the lens and the back of the
camera which holds the film. |
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Photogravure
- French for photo engraving, this is an etching
method used to reproduce photographs. A copper plate is covered with material
that hardens upon exposure to light. The plate can be exposed by shining
light through a negative as if the plate is photographic paper. Any material
not struck by light remains soft and is washed away. The exposed area of
the copper plate is etched in an acid bath, and inked and printed, transferring
the original image onto paper. The copper plate can be inked and printed
over and over, making it a good method for reproducing images in large quantities.
Photogravures have a slightly grainy quality that pleased Alfred Stieglitz
and other pictorialists, and most of the photos in Camera Work are
reproduced by this process. |
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Rangefinder
camera - A photographer using a rangefinder camera views
the scene to be photographed through a peephole equipped with a simple lens
system that approximates what the picture will be. A common brand name is
Leica. This type of camera is often favored by street photographers
and photojournalists because it is small, lightweight, and quiet. |
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Single-lens
reflex camera - The viewing system of a single-lens reflex
camera is built around a mirror. Light coming through the lens is reflected
upward by a mirror (thus the name reflex), then to the back of the camera
by a prism. This system allows the photographer to see what the camera lens
sees through a viewfinder in the back of the camera. Single-lens reflex
cameras have been made to hold a variety of film sizes over the years, and
a wide number of accessories, such as flashes, are available. Since the
photographer sees what the lens sees, this camera works well
with all types of lenses. Today, exposure meters built into the camera are
designed to allow photographers to measure light seen through the lens.
All of these features make the single-lens reflex camera quick and easy
to use. Most common are 35 mm cameras made by companies such as Nikon
and Pentax. |
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Telex
- Short for teleprinter exchange, telexes were
messages transmitted over a global wire system by big, noisy machines that
looked like typewriters. They were a forerunner to fax machines, but more
sophisticated than telegrams, which had to be sent to a main telegraph office,
translated from dots and dashes, then hand-delivered to the receiver. Telex
machines were easily wired and not too expensive, so they were commonly
found in offices that conducted international business. |
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Toy
camera - Diana type - A mass produced plastic rangefinder
camera primarily designed for children and beginning photographers. One
brand popular during the 1950s was called Diana. These toy cameras lack
the precision of more sophisticated rangefinder cameras. Their plastic lenses
can cause distortion, there are typically just a few exposure settings,
and the camera cannot be focused. |
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Twin-lens
reflex camera - Similar to the single-lens reflex camera,
the twin-lens reflex camera contains a mirror that reflects light onto
a ground-glass viewing screen at the top of the camera. The photographer
holds the camera at waist level and looks down onto the viewing screen
to see the image the camera sees through the viewing lens. The twin-lens
reflex camera has a second lens below the viewing lens that directs light
onto the film. The result is that the photographer views an image projected
by one lens, while the film is exposed through another. Since the lenses
are placed one above the other on the front of the camera there is usually
only a slight difference in what the two lenses see.
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