The Artist's Toolkit: Visual Elements and Principles
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Line
Shape
Color
Space
Texture

Balance
Emphasis
Movement/
Rhythm

The Artist's Toolkit: Visual Elements and Principles
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Linear Perspective is a term used to describe the fact that lines which are parallel in nature seem to converge (come together) in the distance. This diagram illustrates 1-point and 2-point perspective, where lines converge on the horizon at a "vanishing point."

Balance diagram  

 

The parallel lines of the architecture seem to converge near the center of this painting (linear perspective). The artist has also used relative apparent size of the objects and relative postition on the picture plane—the carriages in the lower part of the painting are larger than the tiny carriages higher up in the street. Overlapping the buildings also helps to achieve the illusion of real space.

Camille Pissarro, Place du Théâtre Français, Paris: Rain, 1898, Oil on canvas, The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, The William Hood Dunwoody Fund

Camille Pissarro
Place du Théâtre Français, Paris: Rain
1898
Oil on canvas
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts
The William Hood Dunwoody Fund
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The banks of the river converge at the horizon in this photograph.

Thomas Frederick Arndt, Durand, Wisconsin, Looking South Along the River, 1982, Gelatin silver print, The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Gift of Lora and Martin G. Weinstein

Thomas Frederick Arndt
Durand, Wisconsin, Looking South Along the River
1982
Gelatin silver print
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Gift of Lora and Martin G. Weinstein
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Particles of dirt and dust in the atmosphere affect how we see objects in the distance. The farther away an object is, the more atmosphere there is between us and the object. Colors and values are grayed, and details are less distinct in the distance. The result is known are aerial perspective.

Berenice Abbott, 48th Street, Looking Northwest from a Point Between Second and Third Avenues, Manhattan, February 1, 1938, Gelatin silver print, The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, The Kate and Hall J. Peterson Fund

Berenice Abbott
48th Street, Looking Northwest from a Point Between Second and Third Avenues, Manhattan
February 1, 1938
Gelatin silver print
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts
The Kate and Hall J. Peterson Fund
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The church in the background of this painting is gray and fuzzy compared to the rich colors of the building in the foreground.

Lyonel Feininger, Barfüsserkirche II (Church of the Minorites II), 1926, Oil on canvas, Walker Art Center, Gift of the T. B. Walker Foundation, Gilbert M. Walker Fund

Lyonel Feininger
Barfüsserkirche II (Church of the Minorites II)
1926
Oil on canvas
Walker Art Center
Gift of the T. B. Walker Foundation, Gilbert M. Walker Fund
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Walker Art Center The Minneapolis Institute of Arts ArtsConnectEd